Analysis of the Recent Unrest in Tanzania: Institutional and Governance Perspectives

Introduction

The recent unrest in Tanzania following the 2025 general elections has captured the attention of both regional and international observers. The re-election of President Samia Suluhu Hassan with an overwhelming majority sparked widespread protests, resulting in a highly volatile situation. The demonstrations, marked by significant clashes, prompted concerns about the use of force by security agencies and raised questions about governance and institutional practices in the country.

What Happened

In the wake of the general elections held in October 2025, where President Samia Suluhu Hassan secured 97.66% of the vote, Tanzania witnessed large-scale demonstrations. On October 29, protesters gathered in various cities, expressing dissatisfaction with the electoral process. These protests, however, turned violent as security forces reportedly used live ammunition, leading to a significant number of casualties.

What Is Established

• The presidential elections resulted in an overwhelming victory for the incumbent, Samia Suluhu Hassan.
• Mass protests erupted across multiple regions in Tanzania shortly after the election results were announced.
• Security forces were deployed to manage the protests, which resulted in a large number of protesters being killed.
• International bodies have expressed concerns over the use of force in dispersing the demonstrations.

What Remains Contested

• The legitimacy of the election results has been questioned by several opposition groups and international observers.
• The exact number of casualties and the circumstances leading to the use of live ammunition remain under investigation.
• The role of external influences or provocateurs in escalating the protests is yet to be clarified.
• There are ongoing debates about the adequacy of the government's response to the unrest.

Institutional and Governance Dynamics

The recent events in Tanzania highlight critical institutional and governance dynamics that are prevalent in many African nations. The election outcomes and subsequent protests bring to the forefront the delicate balance between maintaining order and respecting civil liberties. Security forces' actions during the demonstrations have sparked debates over regulatory frameworks and accountability mechanisms. The situation underscores the need for governance reforms that promote transparency and prevent the misuse of power while ensuring public safety. Structural constraints within the political and electoral systems often influence the outcomes, leaving room for potential reforms to enhance democratic processes.

Stakeholder Positions

The Tanzanian government has defended its actions, citing the need to maintain public order amid escalating tensions. Opposition parties and civil society groups have criticized the government for its handling of the protests and have called for an independent investigation into the events. International observers and human rights organizations have expressed concern over the methods used by security forces and the implications for democratic freedoms.

Regional Context

In the broader African context, Tanzania's situation is not isolated. The continent has witnessed several instances where contested elections have led to protests and subsequent government crackdowns. These events often highlight systemic governance issues, including the need for electoral reforms and the strengthening of institutions to better accommodate dissent and democratic expressions. The regional and international community continues to monitor such situations, advocating for peaceful resolutions and improved governance standards.

Forward-Looking Analysis

Moving forward, Tanzania faces the challenge of addressing the root causes of the unrest and implementing necessary reforms to restore public trust. Key areas of focus include enhancing electoral transparency, strengthening civil liberties, and ensuring accountability for actions taken by security forces during the protests. The government's response to these issues will be critical in shaping Tanzania's democratic trajectory and maintaining stability within the region.